Interobserver variability in thyroid ultrasound.

PURPOSE: Ultrasound evaluation of thyroid nodules is the preferred technique, but it is dependent on operator interpretation, leading to inter-observer variability. The current study aimed to determine the inter-physician consensus on nodular characteristics, risk categorization in the classification systems, and the need for fine needle aspiration puncture. METHODS: Four endocrinologists from the same center blindly evaluated 100 ultrasound images of thyroid nodules from 100 different patients. The following ultrasound features were evaluated: composition, echogenicity, margins, calcifications, and microcalcifications. Nodules were also classified according to ATA, EU-TIRADS, K-TIRADS, and ACR-TIRADS classifications. Krippendorff's alpha test was used to assess interobserver agreement. RESULTS: The interobserver agreement for ultrasound features was: Krippendorff's coefficient 0.80 (0.71-0.89) for composition, 0.59 (0.47-0.72) for echogenicity, 0.73 (0.57-0.88) for margins, 0.55 (0.40-0.69) for calcifications, and 0.50 (0.34-0.67) for microcalcifications. The concordance for the classification systems was 0.7 (0.61-0.80) for ATA, 0.63 (0.54-0.73) for EU-TIRADS, 0.64 (0.55-0.73) for K-TIRADS, and 0.68 (0.60-0.77) for K-TIRADS. The concordance in the indication of fine needle aspiration puncture (FNA) was 0.86 (0.71-1), 0.80 (0.71-0.88), 0.77 0.67-0.87), and 0.73 (0.64-0.83) for systems previously described respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interobserver agreement was acceptable for the identification of nodules requiring cytologic study using various classification systems. However, limited concordance was observed in risk stratification and many ultrasonographic characteristics of the nodules.

Incidentally discovered papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in patients undergoing thyroid surgery for benign disease.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of thyroid carcinoma has grown significantly over the last few decades. A possible explanation is the increased diagnosis of small thyroid microcarcinoma (TMc). TMc reach a maximum diameter of ≤1 cm, identified during histopathology examination following a thyroidectomy performed for reasons not pertaining to malignancy. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMc) according to the benign pathology that refers patients to surgery and its trend evolution. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of 1815 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for non-malignant diseases in the 2005-2020 period. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 53.5 years, with a higher proportion of women (1481, 82.1%). A total of 167 PTMc (9.3%) were incidentally discovered. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, showing no differences in prevalence according to sex or age in patients with PTMc compared to final benign histology. Multinodular goiter increases the risk of PTMc with an odds ratio of 2.2 (p = 0.001) compared to Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease (GD). There is a statistically significant increase in the incidence of PTMc in the group operated in the 2017-2020 vs. 2005-2008 period (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of PTMc in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for the benign disease was 9.3%. Thyroid nodular hyperplasia was the most frequent benign pathology associated with PTMc compared to Hashimoto's or GD. Gender and age were not correlated with the prevalence of TMc. Over the years, surgical findings of PTMc have grown, particularly in the 2017-2020 period.

Diagnosis, treatment, and management of gestational hypothyroidism. The TIROGEST study / Diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo del hipotiroidismo gestacional. Estudio TIROGEST

Introduction: There is no agreement on the procedures to be used for diagnosis and treatment of gestational thyroid dysfunction. Controversy still exists on the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and use of gestational hypothyroidism (GH) screening. The aim of this study was to assess diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy in a group of Spanish hospitals. Study design: This was a retrospective, multicenter study in pregnant females with GH attending Spanish healthcare centers from March 2013 to July 2014. Variables analyzed included diagnosis criteria for GH (availability of universal screening for gestational thyroid disorders and TSH reference values (RVs) by trimester of pregnancy): risk factors for GH, iodine intake from food or supplementation, gestational age (at diagnosis/treatment) and l-thyroxine treatment. Results: Fourteen centers participated in the study. Universal screening was performed in only half of the centers, and only 14% had their own TSH RVs. Overall, 257 pregnant women were enrolled, 53.7% with hypothyroidism (HT) diagnosed before pregnancy (pre-GH) and 46.3% with HT diagnosed during pregnancy (intra-GH). A comparison of intra-GH and pre-GH women showed that intra-GH women made their first visit later (59.7% vs. 75.4% respectively before week 12, p = 0.007) and had more frequently high TSH levels (>2.5 μIU/ml) during the first trimester (94.4% vs. 67.0% respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that GH may be underdiagnosed or inadequately diagnosed in most healthcare centers. These findings suggest the need of improving the current practice in Spain

Introducción: Los procedimientos a seguir para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la disfunción tiroidea en la gestación no están del todo consensuados. Aún se discute el rango de normalidad de los valores de la hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH) y el uso de screening para detectar hipotiroidismo gestacional (HG). El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la forma de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la disfunción tiroidea durante la gestación en un grupo de hospitales de España. Diseño del estudio: Estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico en mujeres embarazadas con HG atendidas en instituciones sanitarias españolas entre marzo de 2013 y julio de 2014. Las variables analizadas incluyeron criterios diagnósticos de HG (disponibilidad de screening universal para trastornos tiroideos gestacionales y valores de referencia de TSH según el trimestre gestacional); factores de riesgo de HG, ingesta de yodo mediante alimentos o suplementos, edad gestacional (al diagnóstico/tratamiento) y tratamiento con L-tiroxina. Resultados: Participaron un total de 14 centros. Únicamente la mitad de los centros empleaba el screening universal, y solo el 14% tenía valores de referencia de TSH propios. Se incluyeron un total de 257 embarazadas, 53,7% con diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo previo al embarazo (pre-HG) y 46,3% con hipotiroidismo diagnosticado durante el embarazo (intra-HG). Comparando los casos de pre-HG e intra-HG, las mujeres con intra-HG realizaban la primera visita más tarde (antes de la semana 12; 59,7% vs. 75,4% respectivamente, p = 0,007) y tenían más frecuentemente valores elevados de TSH (> 2,5 μUI/ml) durante el primer trimestre (94,4% vs. 67,0% respectivamente, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el HG puede estar infradiagnosticado o diagnosticado indebidamente en la mayoría de los centros sanitarios. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de mejorar la práctica actual en España

Diagnosis, treatment, and management of gestational hypothyroidism. The TIROGEST study.

INTRODUCTION: There is no agreement on the procedures to be used for diagnosis and treatment of gestational thyroid dysfunction. Controversy still exists on the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and use of gestational hypothyroidism (GH) screening. The aim of this study was to assess diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy in a group of Spanish hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective, multicenter study in pregnant females with GH attending Spanish healthcare centers from March 2013 to July 2014. Variables analyzed included diagnosis criteria for GH (availability of universal screening for gestational thyroid disorders and TSH reference values (RVs) by trimester of pregnancy): risk factors for GH, iodine intake from food or supplementation, gestational age (at diagnosis/treatment) and l-thyroxine treatment. RESULTS: Fourteen centers participated in the study. Universal screening was performed in only half of the centers, and only 14% had their own TSH RVs. Overall, 257 pregnant women were enrolled, 53.7% with hypothyroidism (HT) diagnosed before pregnancy (pre-GH) and 46.3% with HT diagnosed during pregnancy (intra-GH). A comparison of intra-GH and pre-GH women showed that intra-GH women made their first visit later (59.7% vs. 75.4% respectively before week 12, p=0.007) and had more frequently high TSH levels (>2.5µIU/ml) during the first trimester (94.4% vs. 67.0% respectively, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that GH may be underdiagnosed or inadequately diagnosed in most healthcare centers. These findings suggest the need of improving the current practice in Spain.

Thyroid Function Reference Values in Healthy Iodine-Sufficient Pregnant Women and Influence of Thyroid Nodules on Thyrotropin and Free Thyroxine Values.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid function assessment in pregnancy requires specific reference intervals stratified by gestational age and according to each laboratory method. Thyroid nodules may influence thyroid function in pregnant women. The aims of this study were to define the reference values of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) in the three pregnancy trimesters in iodine-sufficient pregnant women, and to analyze the influence of thyroid nodules on thyroid function during pregnancy. METHODS: This was a prospective, longitudinal study comprising 400 pregnant women with no history of thyroid disease and no medication influencing thyroid function. TSH, fT4, antithyroglobulin, and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies were measured each trimester by chemiluminescent immunoassays. Urinary iodine concentration was measured in the first trimester when a thyroid echography was also performed. Women with multiple gestation pregnancies, positive thyroid autoimmunity, TSH values >5 or <0.1 mIU/L with a simultaneous fT4 level above the general population reference value in the first trimester, or clinically significant thyroid nodules (nodules ≥1 cm and/or multiple nodules) were excluded to establish TSH and fT4 reference values. RESULTS: Reference intervals in the first, second, and third trimesters were 0.13-4.16, 0.31-3.73, and 0.58-4.36 mIU/L, respectively, for TSH, and 0.85-1.24, 0.82-1.20, and 0.67-1.06 ng/dL, respectively, for fT4. The total prevalence of thyroid nodules was 28.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.4-33.5%], and 6.0% of the participants showed clinically significant nodules. Pregnant women with thyroid nodules (n = 115) showed consistently lower TSH values during all pregnancy stages (first trimester: median 1.14 mIU/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.53-1.75 mIU/L] vs. 1.48 mIU/L [IQR 0.94-2.19 mIU/L], p < 0.001; second trimester: 1.22 mIU/L [IQR 0.66-1.77 mIU/L] vs. 1.45 mIU/L [1.04-2.05 mIU/L], p = 0.001; third trimester: 1.74 mIU/L [IQR 1.08-2.36 mIU/L] vs. 1.93 mIU/L [IQR 1.37-2.58 mIU/L], p = 0.041) and higher fT4 values in the first trimester (M ± SD = 1.08 ± 0.14 ng/dL vs. 1.03 ± 0.12, p < 0.001) compared to those without nodules (n = 285). Both pregnant women with clinically significant thyroid nodules and those with nonsignificant ones had lower TSH values than women without nodules. CONCLUSIONS: TSH/fT4 reference intervals in pregnant women from the authors' geographical area will thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy to be appropriately diagnosed. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is high in iodine-sufficient pregnant women, and is associated with low TSH values across pregnancy.